VOT continuum

  • VOT: duration between the release of the closure of a stop and the beginning of vocal folds vibration
    •  VOT determines voicing of stop consonants
      • Voiced：-20ms ～ +20ms
      • Voiceless：25ms ～ 100ms (“The Acoustic Analysis of Speech”）
    • Example：/da/-/ta/ continuum
      • VOT from –10ms to　+40ms in 10ms steps
  • Example of synthesis：/da/-/ta/
    • F1 frequency
      • Onset of formant transition:    395Hz
      • Steady state of vowel:    700Hz
    • F2 frequency
      • Onset of formant transition:    1600Hz
      • Steady state of vowel:    1200Hz
    • F1 and F2 transition duration
      • F1:    25ms
      • F2:    55ms
    • Beginning of vocal folds vibration (AV)
      • from -10ms to +80ms in 10ms steps

[Other parameters]

  • F0 contour : manually manipulated (mininum F0 125Hz, maximum F0 135 Hz)
  • Burst (at 25 ms) : AI=50dB
  • Frication (the range: from 25ms to 35ms) : A3F=47dB, A4F=60dB, A5F=50dB
  • Example of synthesis：/da/-/ta/

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VOT -10 ms 0 ms +10 ms +20 ms +30 ms +40 ms +50 ms +60 ms +70 ms +80 ms
Sound
  1. Lisker, L. and Abramson, A., “Some effects of context on voice onset time in English stops,” Language and Speech, 10, 1-28, 1967.
  2. Kent, R. D. and Read, C., Acoustic Analysis of Speech, Singular Publishing, San Diego, CA, 2001.
  3. Ryalls, J., A Basic Introduction to Speech Perception, Singular Publishing, San Diego, CA, 1996.